The
most famous of all the frontiers of the Roman empire, Hadrian’s Wall was
made a World Heritage Site in 1987. Built by a force of 15,000 men in
under six years, it’s as astounding today for its sheer vision as it is
for its engineering. Construction started around A.D. 122, after a visit
to Britain by Emperor Hadrian (reign A.D. 117-138), a ruler determined
to consolidate the Roman Empire’s borders. England and Wales had both
fallen to Roman control by A.D. 61. Scotland, however, had successfully
resisted Roman attempts at conquest. The wall was Hadrian’s attempt to
establish a defendable border between Britain and the unconquered
barbarians of the north.
Hadrian’s death in AD 138 brought a new emperor to power who abandoned
Hadrian’s Wall and moved the frontier up to the Forth–Clyde isthmus,
where he built a new wall, ‘this time of turf’. This had a short
life of about 20 years before being abandoned in favor of a return to
Hadrian’s Wall. Hadrian’s Wall appears to have continued into the
late 2nd century. A major war took place shortly after AD 180, when ‘the
tribes crossed the Wall which divided them from the Roman forts and
killed a general and the troops he had with him’. Eventually
Britain was abandoned by the central authorities of Rome.
In the years that
followed, Hadrian’s Wall became a quarry for the stone to build castles,
churches, farms, houses and roads along its line, until the conservation
movement in the 18th and 19th centuries put a stop to that. It was only
from the mid-19th century onwards that early archaeologists and
historians sought to protect its still magnificent remains. |